Iphone app transmits audio iphone jobs

I'm looking for an expert in VHDL to develop a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) project focused on pitch detection, specifically for speech recognition purposes. The system needs to be able to process live audio input. Required Skills: • Expertise in VHDL • Experience with FPGA development • Knowledge of audio processing, specifically pitch detection for speech recognition purposes If you have the above skills and experience, please make an informed bid.

We are looking for a developer who has experience in adding audio content stream to Sonos We have a radio station with a list of streams what we want to add to their platform

I'm looking for an experienced freelancer who is comfortable with Arabic language narration to work on an audiobook project. What you'll do: - Provide Arabic language narration for an audiobook. - Ensure all audio is of Podcast level quality, so experience in audio recording and sound editing is critically important. Required Skills and Experience: - Fluency in Arabic. - Proven experience in audiobook narration. - Excellent audio recording skills. - Ability to produce Podcast level sound quality in your recordings. Please submit a relevant portfolio or sample work. Happy biding!

I am in urgent need of an Asterisk developer who can work efficiently on debugging and troubleshooting. Key Tasks: - Fix call dropouts - Resolve audio quality issues - Correct failed call routing The ideal candidate for this project should have: - Strong knowledge of SIP protocols - Experience with Asterisk dial plans - Familiarity with debugging tools and logs Only developers well-versed in these areas need to apply. Achieving solid results in a timely manner is of the essence.

The primary function of this project is the integration of Admob, Ionic, and Capacitor. - Bottom Center banner. If the banner is showing main content height 100% - 60px - has a split menu with a header component (toolbar) - the header should comply with the iPhone safe area Angular ~17 Ideal skills for the job: - Deep knowledge of the Angular framework - Expertise in integrating Admob, Ionic, and Capacitor It should work on Android API > 22 It should work on iOS > 13

I need a simple form that will look good on a small screen iPhone and also a big screen iPad. The form will collect NAME EMAIL CITY PHONE NUMBER phone number will be a formatted 10 digit max, and email will need validation for properly formatted. This will take the data and post it to our existing base and will then revert form back to a page that says success, and then auto redirect to the form page. The form page will look neat and clean and also contain a couple lines of text and our logo. You will use the existing config file to connect to our base, instead of creating a new one. This project needs completed today and should only take an hour to complete. This is to be written in php 8.2 and connected to sql dbase. You will be paid $30 when it is complete and verified t...

I need a very small translation from English to Italian for personal use. It's a few daily conversations and phrases that I'd like to be able to communicate in Italian. The project involves: - Translating short, everyday sentences and phrases from English to Italian. - Recording the translated content in Italian, as a voice recording. I would prefer the voice recording to be ...communicate in Italian. The project involves: - Translating short, everyday sentences and phrases from English to Italian. - Recording the translated content in Italian, as a voice recording. I would prefer the voice recording to be delivered in MP3 format. Ideal skills and experience: - Proficiency in English and Italian, with a track record in translation. - Experience with voice recording and ...

I'm looking for a skilled reel video editor to work on...variety of video types - specifically, wedding, corporate, and anchoring videos. Each video requires editing in between 60-90 seconds. You should have a well-rounded skill set in video editing, particularly in the following areas: - Color grading to accurately represent and enhance the mood and tone of each video - Inserting special effects for a more engaging and visually appealing output - Audio enhancements to ensure clear and crisp sound throughout the video You should ideally have hands-on experience in handling different types of videos and be familiar with the unique editing needs for each type. A sharp eye for detail and a creative mind are critical for this role. Please share your portfolio during the b...

I need a native Hindi speaker to translate a radio script for me. The document is approximately 700 words. I'm looking for a translator who can maintain the tone of the original script while ensuring it's accurately translated. Ideal candidates will have: - Nat...The document is approximately 700 words. I'm looking for a translator who can maintain the tone of the original script while ensuring it's accurately translated. Ideal candidates will have: - Native-level proficiency in Hindi and fluency in English - Experience in translation, specifically in working with scripts or audio content - A background in radio or media translation is a plus Please provide samples of your previous translation work, particularly in the realm of audio or radio script...

I'm seeking a talented video editor to primarily focus on enhancing the audio quality of my video piece. The content is designed for social media platforms and thus, it’s crucial that the output is engaging, trendy, and fast-paced. Key requirements include: - Enhancing the audio quality of the video to make it more engaging. - Adapting the video to a trendy, fast-paced style, suitable for social media. - Ensuring the video maintains a high production value while retaining a casual and engaging atmosphere. Ideal candidates should have: - Proven experience in audio editing and enhancement. - A strong portfolio of social media content they've edited. - A good understanding of current video trends, and the ability to adapt to them. If you are a creative...

I'm seeking a proficient FPGA engineer with a background in digital signal processing (DSP), specifically audio processing. For this task, the primary focus is to work on pitch detection in real time. Skills & experience: - Must be well versed in DSP tasks, primarily audio processing. - Proficiency in pitch detection is critical. - Experience with FPGA designs for real-time applications is necessary. Ultimately, the hired expert will help me use field-programmable gate array technology to detect pitch effectively and efficiently in real-time. This will offer a remarkable boost in the performance and functionality of my ongoing audio analysis project.

...skilled video editor to create a promotional video for our website. We are making changes to our website and want to include a video that showcases our products/services. We have a clear reference and idea of what we want, and we need someone who can bring that vision to life. Responsibilities: - Create a high-quality promotional video based on our reference and idea. - Edit and enhance video and audio elements to produce a compelling final product. - Incorporate feedback and revisions to ensure the video meets our expectations. - Deliver the final video in the required format for website integration. Requirements: - Proven experience as a video editor with a strong portfolio showcasing similar work. - Proficiency in video editing software such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cu...

...involves creating a Text-to-Speech and Translate and replace Audio Line solution for the Kurdish language. *****About Our Tool***** We Build a Tool that have as Frontend WPF and as Backend Python and Django and as DB is MongoDB The Tool is ready to use and u will get access when we Start ****How we will Work*** We have Server that have enough resources that will help u to work on the Tool We will create a RDS Access for u where u can access to the System and Start ur work using our Server "VMWARE" ****What is your Work***** Coz u dont speak our kurdish Language we must train the tool by our self, thats mean u have to do Adjustments in the Tool only *****Training**** To Train the Tool we already create many Text and Audio Files what we will use during the...

...not * help you deal with corrupt local customs officials who require bribes to release goods. Any “horror stories” you might have heard or read about corrupt local customs officials in your country requiring bribes to release goods probably were for items such as expensive phones and laptops, not a bunch of simple electronics components. Put simply: I suppose a customs official looking at an iPhone 14 Pro might think, “Wow! This is an expensive phone. Yeah, this guy has money. Let me get a bribe out of him.” Whereas, if he were to look at a few ESP32 development boards which cost less than $5 (Five Dollars) each? Meh. I doubt he’s even going to think about asking for a bribe for such items. I suppose corrupt local customs officials are greedy, n...

I am looking for apple developer who can download TUNIC Unisono() app file as ipa. I think the candidate need to have a apple account to do this. In any case, candidates must obtain the IPA file using the link above.

...design between computer/ tablet /phone. It must be able to print from iPad , iPhone etc. ( PDF print) It needs to have clean design UI. Preferred hosting on Linux web server (hosting provider) Application would be used to enter customer orders that are taken over the phone or in person. (Employee will enter customers info and order) (NO PAYMENT processing or customer access) Employee and admin level (Employee cannot delete order, only void) Customer (First Name, Last Name, Phone Number, Note ) (Option to import/export customers would be great) (from Excel file) Item/Product: (Product Category, Product name, SKU, Price) (Option to import/export Products from Excel file) would be great) Workflow would be: Login to App (email and password) (Option to stay logged in)...

As the proprietor of a mobile healthcare app for doctors, I'm on the hunt for an experienced UI/UX designer with a flair for improving existing apps. My current app is functional; it's available on both Android and iPhone platforms and comes in both dark and light themes. What's missing, though, is the sheen – an overall enhanced user experience offered by modern design elements, improved navigation, and user-friendly controls. This project involves these highlight features: - Appointment scheduling - Patient record management - Prescription management And a special feature that needs attention is our Meeting Transcription and Note Generation functionality. We're looking for ease of use, navigability, and a contemporary look and feel. If y...

looking for someone who can clean up the audio from a security camera so the conversation being had can be clearly understood as best as it can be made anyways

...to stream audio also? The idea being the speakers attached to the 484 output sense microphone audio. Only if hardware allows (given consumption implied by these project details), include the A.I object and face recognition features to be included for the sense. The 484 should display the video stream of the latest activated sense, which can be maximised to full screen. Within its original page should also be toggles for the 3 relays. The screen should also contain the ability to add up/down button pairs for the forward/reverse control of continuous rotation servos. Make it so speed and end-stops can be edited preferably by the user but at least clearly within the code. • if live audio along with video is not possible, the page should contain a playlist of 3...

...(Editor, AI Specialist & Animator): Edit videos, add text overlays, graphics, sound effects, and sync voiceovers. Generate images and animations using AI tools like Midjourney, Leonardo, and DALL-E 3. Animate static AI images using Leonardo Motion, RunwayML, or similar tools. Utilize ElevenLabs (or similar tools) to record voiceover audio. Voiceover Artist: Record engaging voiceovers following the provided scripts. Utilize ElevenLabs (or similar tools) to enhance audio. Graphic Designer: Design thumbnails, channel banners, and other graphics. Create visually appealing elements to enhance the channel's branding. Requirements: Proven experience in the respective roles. Ability to collaborate effectively as part of a remote team. Strong communication skills. Passi...

I'm in need of a talented individual to provide a voiceover in Telegu for a ...conversational and friendly tone throughout, there won't be a requirement for character voices or accents. Instead, emphasis should be placed on natural voice expression that accurately conveys the intended message. Ideal skills and experience: - Fluent in Telegu, with clear diction and pronunciation. - Previous experience in voiceover work, particularly with a conversational, friendly tone. - Excellent audio recording setup to deliver high quality files. - Ability to meet deadlines and adapt to any minor changes. A competitive candidate would have a good understanding of the inflection and tonality required to make the content relatable and engaging. Please provide samples of previous work ...

I am looking for a skilled video editor to help refine and enhance my 10-minute amateur film. Your task will include: - Trimming and rearranging clips to ensure the narrative flows seamlessly - Incorporating transitions and effects that add a lighthearted feel to the film - Tackling audio quality concerns, improving clarity and removing any unwanted noise - Stabilizing any shaky footage for a professional touch The right freelancer should have experience in film editing, color grading, sound editing, and stabilization techniques. Familiarity with creating a lighthearted tone is particularly appreciated, as maintaining this mood throughout the film is crucial.

I am creating my own video game, and i am working alone. I require the exceptional talent of a voice actor capable of delivering a compelling elderly British accent for a dramatic role in my project. Key Requirements: - Prefer of British accent - Ability to convincingly portray an elderly character - Exceptional dramatic voice acting skills I...will involve bringing an elderly character to life in a dramatic story context. Interpretation of the narrative and delivering the right emotional depth is crucial for the role. The character is a Elder master, tired, he tells a history of the past, he lost his apprentice and when she is back he lead her to save her home. He feels like Yoda or Old obi wan kenobi. Character for a game Attached an audio in portuguese of his orig...

I'm in need of a highly skilled, creative animator proficient in 2D animation for creating a music video. I already have a specific concep...I’m thinking of having an anime style video. The key requirements for this project include: - Expertise in 2D animation, ideally with experience in creating animation for music videos or similar projects. - Strong ability to translate creative concepts into compelling visual stories. - Excellent communication and understanding to bring my specific vision to life. I will provide the song's audio track as well as the lyrics. Your role will include animating the content in synchronization with the music and lyrics, adhering to the agreed concept. Please include samples of your previous 2D animation work when bidding. I look fo...

...skilled developer to create a custom audio learning and comparison system for our WordPress-based educational platform. This system will enable students to engage with lesson material by listening to pre-recorded audio clips, recording their own voice using their computer's microphone to repeat the sound, and then receiving a score based on the comparison between the two audio recordings. Key Features: Audio Playback: Allow students to listen to pre-recorded audio clips embedded within the lesson content. Voice Recording: Implement functionality for students to use their computer's microphone to record their own voice as they repeat the audio they hear. Audio Comparison: Develop an algorithm to compare the student's recor...

I am seeking an expert in audio enhancement and noise reduction to work on a dialogue-based audio file that's over 30 minutes long. This project involves: - Eliminating background noise - Correcting distorted sounds - Balancing uneven volume levels Ideal candidates will have a keen ear, attention to detail, and extensive experience in audio editing and sound engineering. A background in dialogue enhancement will be beneficial. Please apply only if you are capable of producing a clean, clear audio file from a less than perfect source.

I'm looking for a video editor with experience in creating compelling, fast-paced, and high-energy content for my YouTube channel. Key Requirements: - Proven experience with vlog editing - Familiarity with creating content that is less than 5 minutes long - Skilled in adding engaging effects, transitions, and animations to maintain viewer interest - Proficient in managing audio levels and enhancing sound quality - Able to work efficiently to meet deadlines and deliver polished work Ideal Skills: - Proficiency in video editing software (e.g. Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro) - Creative and innovative approach to editing - Strong understanding of YouTube trends and audience preferences Your role will be crucial in ensuring my vlogs stand out in a crowded space and keep viewe...

I'm looking for a skilled professional to help me create an introduction video about family tree with audio & video editing, Key Requirements: - The main goal of this project is to visualize family tree & relationships in a digital format. - I want the family tree to be interactive, with some engaging features that can help viewers understand the relationships more effectively. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Experience in video editor

I'm seeking a professional video editor with a keen eye for detail and proficiency in comprehensive editing services. My YouTube videos typically run more than 10 minutes per session. Key Responsibilities: • High-quality editing - this includes audio, visual, and overall video coherence, ensuring a seamless viewer experience. • Implement creative transitions to create a smooth flow. • Familiar with 'Talking head' style and able to enhance the narrative pace. Preferred Skills: • Proficiency in advanced editing software • Previous experience working on 'Talking head' YouTube videos • An exceptional eye for detail • Experience with long-form content and maintaining viewer engagement over this duration. Example style P...

I am looking for an experienced technician who can help with the activation and removal of an iCloud account on my iPhone. The primary goal is to fully remove the iCloud, as no prior attempts at account retrieval or data syncing have been made. Ideal candidates should have extensive experience with iPhone tech support and be familiar with iCloud operations. Key Responsibilities: - iCloud activation - Completely removing the iCloud account from my iPhone Ideal Skills: - In-depth knowledge of iPhone functionality - Experience with iCloud activation and removal processes - Excellent problem-solving skills Please note that no previous attempts have been made to fix this issue, so a step-by-step guide or solutions would be highly appreciated. Thanks in advance f...

...in need of an experienced audio editor to help clean up the sound of a 50-minute podcast. This requires particular attention to: - Removing static background noise. The podcast seems to have a consistent static noise that I want completely eliminated to improve the listener experience. - Adjusting volume levels: The podcast requires normalization of volume levels across its entirety. It's vital that the editing provides a balanced listening experience that ensures all parts of the conversation are clear and consistent. Ideal skills would be experience in audio editing, noise reduction techniques, and podcast production. Familiarity with professional audio editing software is a must. I appreciate a keen ear for detail and someone who can enhance the podcas...

Work in the audio-video editing department; Creation and processing of sound effects for YouTube videos; Creation of musical accompaniment suitable for the plots; Quality control and volume level of sound effects and music; Participating in discussions and expressing expert opinions out loud. Requirements: Knowledge of modern audio editors; Theoretical knowledge of working with sound; Outstanding sense of rhythm, hearing and humor to create interesting, realistic and funny sounds; Ability to work in the office and remotely; Good communication skills in English; Experience as a sound engineer/designer is preferred; Readiness of the selection task. We offer: Flexible work schedule; Remote work from anywhere in the world; Wages, fair judicial assessment based on the amount of ...

I'm in need of a video creation application that can cater to a Hindi speaking audience. The main features I need to have are: - Accepts both text and audio prompts: The application should be able to generate a video based on text prompts or audio clips. - Video Length: The video output should be between 1 - 20 minutes in duration. - Basic Voice Customization: The application should allow basic customization of the generated voice, including pitch, speed, and accent. Ideal skills and experience for this job would include: - Experience in video creation and editing software development. - Audio processing and manipulation skills. - Familiarity with the Hindi language and audience preferences. - Good understanding of UI/UX design for video creation software. - Pre...

... 34, Section III. 4. Utterback, B. TV Personalities Man Picket Line. *Rochester Democrat & Chronicle (D&C)*. 5. Clements, G. Stereo 102. 6. Kennedy, E. M. United States Senator. 7. Simpson, K. (2017, October 3). Early 70s Radio - WMEX (Boston) Top 40. *Early 70s Radio*. Retrieved from 8. Recorded Historical Audio Interview - Jim Connors & Harry Chapin. (n.d.). Retrieved from 9. MeTV Staff. (2018, August 10). Have you ever heard the song that inspired WKRP in Cincinnati? *MeTV*. Retrieved from 10. The story of W.O.L.D. (2018, February 7). *RadioInfo*. Retrieved from https://radioinfo

I have less than an hour of Hindi audio, explaining usage steps for Ayurvedic products, that I need dubbed into Tamil. - The audio material revolves around Ayurvedic product usage instructions, covering 1 to 3 steps in detail. An ideal candidate will have the following skills and experience: - Fluency in both Hindi and Tamil languages. - Experience in audio dubbing and voice-over work. - Familiarity with Ayurvedic products and terms would be a plus. Please provide samples of previous work, if possible.

I am in need of a skilled developer to create a web-based news aggregator. This aggregator will specifically focus on news from Uganda and the broader East African region. It has to be user-friendly, intuitive, and visually appealing. Key Requirements: - The aggregator should exclusively prioritize text-based news articles. With featured images No video or audio content is to be included. - The platform should support the English language, as it is the primary medium for news in the region. -The platform shall pick news from sites I authorize to avoid fake news The platform should allow reading of articles (1st 3 paragraphs) before referring user to read fulll article at the parent site from where the article originates. The platform should give use ability to read full article fr...

2 minutes work a day for May. Role is download and comment daily on the Hot Topick on a new Social Media App. Leave a positive written review of App. Must be able to write English and have iPhone or Android and then leave a positive written review of App

2 minutes work a day for May. Role is download and comment daily on the Hot Topick on a new Social Media App. Leave a positive written review of App. Must be able to write English and have iPhone or Android and then leave a positive written review of App

2 minutes work a day for May. Role is download and comment daily on the Hot Topick on a new Social Media App. Leave a positive written review of App. Must be able to write English and have iPhone or Android and then leave a positive written review of App

I am currently embarking on an e-learning project and require the services of a voiceover artist. The audio needs to be in Bengali. Requirements: - You should be proficient in the Bengali language. - Prior voiceover experience is essential Please note that those with experience in voiceover work will be strongly considered. Your past experience in this field is necessary and beneficial to the success of this project. I encourage you to detail in your application your voiceover experience, samples of your past work, and your familiarity with Bengali.

Needs to hire 3 Freelancers We are launching a new project and seeking freelancers based in Iraq to conduct visits to a commercial store specializing in iPhone sales for a survey and testing operation. Training will be provided online. We are looking for 3 different individuals from Iraq (Baghdad , Erbil, Kirkuk) one of whom speaks Kurdish. Applicants must be willing to attend online training sessions, as there are specific details that need to be thoroughly understood. Additionally, will provide applicants be obtain authorization from Apple to conduct certain tests at the designated stores. The project is expected to be completed by the end of May. "نحن نطلق مشروعًا جديدًا ونبحث عن أشخاص مستقلين مقيمين في العراق (بغداد وكركوك وأربيل) لإجراء 3 زيارات إلى متجر تجاري متخص...

I’m using Unreal Engine 5 and need assistance with creating an animated 2D face system. This system should be able to automatically sync mouth movements with audio files in MP3 format. It should also allow for manual addition of accenting animations like eye blinking, eyebrow raising, and smiling. The 2D face will be displayed on a flat surface. Skills and experience needed: - Proficiency in Unreal Engine 5 - Strong understanding of 2D animation - Experience working with audio files in MP3 format - Ability to create automated animations - Knowledge of manual animation addition - Experience with facial animations and expressions.

I'm looking for an experienced software developer who can create a cutting-edge transcription software, enhancing the efficiency and productivity of those requiring transcription services. Key Skills required: - Strong understanding of language processing and audio decoding - Proficient in handling MP3, WAV, MP4, TXT file formats - Experience in user-interface design for software - Knowledge of speech recognition technologies My vision for the software includes: - An improvement in transcription accuracy - An increase in the transcription speed - A user-friendly interface for hassle-free use Moreover, the software should have specific functionalities such as: - The ability to correctly identify individual speakers within a recording - The provision of accurate timestamps f...

...podcasts. Key requirements: - Equipment setup: This includes microphones, headphones, audio interfaces, and any other necessary equipment for high-quality audio recording. - Soundproofing: Advising on and potentially implementing soundproofing solutions to create a professional recording environment. - Software configuration: Setting up and configuring recording software to ensure smooth and high-quality audio capture. I am aiming for high-quality audio suitable for professional podcast broadcasting. Ideal skills and experience for this job include: - Proven experience in setting up podcast studios or recording spaces with a focus on high audio quality. - Proficiency in using and configuring audio equipment and software. - Strong knowledge ...

I'm looking for a skilled composer who can create original music/songs for my project. The music can be of any genre...is to be used in my project, so it needs to be original and of a professional standard. - The desired mood or emotions is not specified, so feel free to suggest ideas or create based on your inspiration. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in composing music for various purposes. - A wide range of musical knowledge and ability to create music in different styles. - Proficiency in audio production software and technology. - Good communication skills, as I will need to discuss and refine the music with you throughout the process. If you think you can create music that will captivate and enhance my project, please get in touch. I'm happy to p...

I need a professional to undertake transcription of roughly 40-minute Spanish audios. The following outlines the specific requirements: - Type of Transcription: Literal. I need an accurate representation of the audio content without alteration. - Revision: No text revision required upon completion of the transcription. An excellent transcription that does not necessitate reviews will be ideal. - Theme: The audios revolve around social sciences. Therefore, any experiences in the social sciences will be beneficial. Proficiency in Spanish and previous transcription experience is necessary for the job. Knowledge and interest in social sciences would add value. Please bid if you meet the requirements.

I am looking for a talented film editor who can transform my video into a ci...cinematic short film under 30 minutes. The ideal candidate should have expertise in color correction, sound effects, and visual effects, as these will be essential components of the final output. Effectively handling these special effects will add cinematic depth and intensity to the movie, while also ensuring high quality and aesthetic appeal. Your creative prowess in piecing together footage, audio and dialogue into a full-on cinematic experience will be a huge advantage. Serious contenders should provide samples of previous work, preferably with links to cinematic-style videos they have edited. This project calls for impeccable attention to detail and a strong sense of storytelling. Are you up for the ...

I need an expert video editor who can carefully eliminate a cat's meow from a MP4 video that is approximately 1-5 minutes in duration. It's critical to maintain the audio quality and preserve the original sounds, most notably my mother's voice singing and the accompanying guitar. Ideal Skills and Expertise: - Advanced video and audio editing skills - Proficient in audio enhancing and noise reduction - Experience with preserving original sounds while eliminating distractions - Accurate and detail-oriented - Knowledge in handling MP4 files - Familiar with musical elements would be a bonus as it pertains to preserving the sound of the guitar. Your role will be to remove the unwanted cat meow from the video while keeping the original singing and guitar pl...

1. Set a timer to trigger at the specified time X minutes after the start of the trading session. 2. When the timer triggers, capture the closing price of the most recent 1-minute candle. 3. Calculate the buy and sell entry prices as (+X...take-profit orders for this additional position as well based on strategy inputs. 8. In manual mode, use the price provided by the user as the initial price instead of capturing the 1-minute candle closing price. 9. If there is an existing open position, the strategy should be able to detect it and use it for further calculations as described above. * I should get strategy notifications "email & audio alerts. * I should be able to back-test & optimize using FXCM TradeStation desktop. * Do you provide NDA to the strategy? * Do you prov...

I need to enhance 50 audio files, which are mostly 5 to 10 seconds long, with an audio filter replicating the atmosphere of an Air Traffic Control communication. Key Requirements: - 4 distinct effects are required depending on which file of the 50. - The first effect should mimic the ground communication with the tower. It should have a Radio AIR traffic control effect, but not as strong as the airborn communication with the tower. . - The second effect should replicate a more amplified Air Traffic Control communication (airborn). - Third effect on a couple of files is to sound very garbled (inaudible sort of). - Fourth effect is totally garbled and cannot hear properly. Expectations: - The final audio files should have a clear distinction between various ef...